Entomopathogenic Nematode Sampling In Soil - 2750 Words

Entomopathogenic Nematode Sampling In Soil From A Termite Habitat Located In University Of The Philippines Los Banos (Research Paper Sample) Content: ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODE SAMPLING IN SOIL FROM A TERMITE HABITAT LOCATED IN UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES LOS BAOS, LOS BAOS, LAGUNA, PHILIPPINESTELAN, Jose Angel Jude B.Special ProjectSubmitted to Dr. Barbara L. Caoiliin Partial Fulfillment toENT 275: Insect Pathology-2257821858100Abstract-17145258892900Entomopathogenic nematodes are nematodes that are able to cause detrimental changes in insects that they infect. They are generally composed by Heterorhabditis spp. and Steinernema spp. Symbiotic bacteria that the infective juvenile stage harbor helps in causing rapid mortality to the potential host insect. This characteristic, along with amenability to mass production, availability of use with some insecticides, easy application, and safety to nontarget organisms allow these EPNs to have a good potential as a biological control agent that could be applied in many insect pest management strategies. As they are naturally soil-inhabiting, these EPNs could be usually fo und on subterranean insects such as termites. In this special project, soil sample will be conducted in order to collect and identify the nematode that was observed during the dissection of the termite gut in one of the laboratory exercises of the ENT 275 class under Dr. Barbara Caoili. Baiting setups using the soil collected from the vicinity of the collected termite habitat was prepared. White traps were made for the insect cadavers collected from the baiting setups in order to observe the emerging IJs. IJs were collected and observed under the microscope but was identified as non-members of the families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae thus revealing that the nematode is not an EPN.IntroductionNematodes are members of the Phylum Nematoda and could be described as one of the most abundant animals on Earth. They are commonly known as parasites of other organisms but may also possess free-living forms in various environments such as soil and bodies of water. Among invertebrate s, one of the living things that they parasitize on are insects. Insects could reach mortality once infected by these nematodes labeled as entomopathogenic nematodes or EPNs. Popular nematode families that are studied for application in insect biological control are Steinernematidae and Heterorhabdidtidae. These nematode groups are mutualistically associated with bacteria Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus. (Kaya Gaugler 1993) Lethality of these nematodes are mainly attributed to the bacteria that they are associated with. The infection process first involved the host searching of the infective juveniles or IJs. Afterwards, the IJs develop and proliferate inside the host, releasing the bacteria inside. Once the insect host dies, the progeny of the now-adult nematodes develop into IJS, depleting the nutrients of the insect cadaver. Once the nutrients deplete, the IJs emerge from the empty body and will conduct host searching once again.Nematode behavior towards host-searching involved the ir attraction to physical and chemical cues leading to their prey. There is a recent study which suggests that nematodes are directionally stimulated towards electromagnetic stimuli (Shapiro-Ilan et al. 2012). Some nematodes could prefer to be ambushers or cruisers in terms of host-searching behavior. Ambushers like Steinernema carpocapsae are ideally energy-savers as they remain sedentary while waiting for prey to be ambushed. Ideal prey for ambushers include highly mobile insects such as mole crickets. Cruisers such as Steinernema glaseri highly respond to insect host cues and will be actively pursuing their target since they are highly mobile. Ideal targets for these cruisers would be mostly sedentary insects found in the soil. (Lewis et al. 1992, 1993) Next behavior would be the host-attachment, which is the pre-requisite for infection. Some nematodes, especially ambushers, exhibit the so-called nictating behavior which could be described as the lifting of the nematode body asid e from the posterior portion, attracting potential insect hosts. (Campbell et al. 1993, Grewal et al. 1994) Host recognition and specificity relies on the surface carbohydrates present on their target insect which is detected by the nematode (Zuckerman and Jansson 1984). Lastly, the penetration of the nematode on the potential insect host. Penetration should be relatively easy for Heterorhabditids since they possess a tooth which allows them to penetrate intersegmental tissues to enter not just the orifices (Bedding Molyneux 1982). Unlike Steinernematids which rely on the openings in order to penetrate the insect and proliferate inside. They are able to persist in the environment due to their hardy nature, but they could easily be affected by desiccation and enough heat (Kung et al. 1991). Understanding of their behavior allows one to gain understanding on their usual cycles and exploit it for applications in other fields like biological control.Promising development of studies con cerning these nematodes as application for biological control since they have broad host range (Kaya Gaugler 1993), safe to nontarget organisms, does not need special equipment to be applied (Jansson Lecrone 1994), amenable to genetic selection, and could be applied with some chemical pesticides (Forschler et al. 1990). However, as with some insect biological control agents, these EPNs could be applied better if they are highly focused on their target insect with less risk of targeting other organisms to reduce mortality of nontarget organisms. Thus, EPNs that are collected in insects from the wild could be valuable information as it could lead to a record of an EPN which preferred certain insects over others. The coincidence of an accidental discovery in a common laboratory exercise is not high. But in one of the exercises conducted for the subject entitled Insect Pathology (ENT 275), we have found a nematode in one of the dissected termites and was preliminarily identified as an EPN. In this study, collection of the said nematode will be conducted, and morphological analysis will be performed to confirm the identity of the said nematode. Specifically, the study aims to: 1 To sample the area where the termite was previously collected, 2 To collect nematodes from the soil sample, 3 To confirm if the collected nematode belongs to the entomopathogenic nematode families.38227046355000293456649616600Materials and Methods-6352167255Figure 1a 1b. Soil collection area featuring the termite habitat.0Figure 1a 1b. Soil collection area featuring the termite habitat.Soil collected on one of the termite habitats from the Insectary Area located at the back of UPLB Biological Sciences building were sampled for nematodes using insect baiting (Figure 1). Insect baiting method is where living insect larvae are subjected to closed containers with soil samples. After subjecting the living larvae that served as baits, the setups are then observed for mortalities which are the n collected and isolated in a microassay plate. The materials and equipment used were provided by the Insect Pathology Laboratory under Dr. Barbara Caoili. The collected nematodes in microassay plates are then observed for symptoms of EPN infection such as discoloration and emerging nematodes. Once the infective juveniles or IJs emerge, the cadaver is now then transferred aseptically into setups we call as white traps. White traps are sealed petri dishes with enough water just to fill the surface where a microplate lined with a moist filter paper holding the insect cadaver. Since IJs -263467170081900prefer bodies of water after emerging, the water 184259761058200-1306375311601Figure 2. From top to bottom. Top left: White trap containing one of the lesser waxmoth larvae isolated. Top right: microassay plates used for individual cadavers. Bottom: Containers used to store water with IJs collected from white traps.Figure 2. From top to bottom. Top left: White trap containing one of the lesser waxmoth larvae isolated. Top right: microassay plates used for individual cadavers. Bottom: Containers used to store water with IJs collected from white traps.-27813064273600will hold the IJs in the white trap (Glazer Lewis 2000). Once the water in the setup could be observed for IJs, it should be collected for storage and identification of the nematodes. Afterwards, these IJs could be used for reinfection of insect larvae in order to confirm their entomopathogenic characteristic. Once the reinfected larvae were subjected to white trap again, the IJs collected will be identified again and hopefully should be the same species with the previously collected nematode for confirmation that it is an EPN.Results and Discussion262655672512Figure 4. Photos of the second batch of nematodes collected from the samples. 0Figure 4. Photos of the second batch of nematodes collected from the samples. 2935605347529700279403468947003457990608800292175190597200348103204845Figure 3. Photos of t he first batch of nematodes collected from the samples featuring the anterior part of the nematodes. 0Figure 3. Photos of the first batch of nematodes collected from the samples featuring the anterior part of the nematodes. First isolation of the setups was conducted for EPN identification in the laboratory. The isolated EPNs were identified as non-EPN since there is an absence of the bacterial pouch which is present on Steinernematids and the presence of the barrel-shaped stoma and obvious tripartite esophagus which are indicative character of the Rhabditids (Shah Mahamood 2017) (Figure 3). This result could imply the following: the concentration of EPN is in very low titer that was not able to compete with the volume of non-entomopathogenic nematodes, the setups were contaminated with non-entomopathogenic nematodes after ...

The Progressive Era Of Chicago - 1177 Words

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Frobisher s The Comet Shaped Birthmark - 2072 Words

Frobisher’s beliefs in reincarnation lend to finalize the connections between Frobisher and Rey that link to the other main characters. Mitchell presents the first signs of reincarnation embodied in a comet shared by Rey and Frobisher. The comet-shaped birthmark serves as a sign that Rey’s â€Å"memories† are indeed memories. The discovery that Sonmi has an identical birthmark sheds light on another unifying connection between a growing number of characters. Zachry then identifies a comet-shaped birthmark on Meronym. Later, Cavendish reveals his own birthmark, so the reader then adds him to the growing list of reincarnated people. While the text never explicitly says that Ewing has a comet-shaped birthmark, the commonality between all of the main characters implies Ewing’s journal leaves out his birthmark because there is no established meaning to the birthmark prior to the reincarnations. Before Frobisher takes his life, he declares, â€Å"Time cannot pe rmeate this sabbatical. We do not stay dead long. Once my Luger lets me go, my birth next time around will be upon me in a heartbeat† (471). This anticipation of rebirth segues into the final section of the novel and completes the reader’s theory of the characters’ reincarnations. Rey’s personality emphasizes the connection between her and both Ewing and Frobisher, further supporting a notion that Rey embodies both of their reincarnations, drawing the reader to the similarities of Rey and Cavendish in the following chronology. Rey’s

Steinbeck’s Quest for Friendship, Dreams, and Personality...

Curly and Lennie, two men that traveled together everywhere they went. In Of Mice and Men, John Steinbeck describes friendship, dreams, and personality to describe Lennie and Curly adventures. Steinbeck believed that friendship was important. Lennie knows that George will always have his back, although Lennie cannot protect George he feels like he can (Steinbeck 14). Even though George says, he does not want Lennie with him; he does not want to leave him by himself (Steinbeck 13). When Lennie and George first arrive to the ranch, the boss starts to ask them questions. George answers all of them even if they were asking Lennie. He knows that if Lennie talks, he might say what happened in Weed (Steinbeck 22). The boss, at the new farm,†¦show more content†¦She will only cause trouble and for Lennie to do something dumb (Steinbeck 32). George is always looking after Lennie and Lennie after George (Steinbeck 34). They both appreciate each other since they travel together and George knows that traveling with someone is better than alone (Steinbeck 35). In the Of Mice and Men friendship barley exists, the only people that are considered as friends are Lennie and George. George is always bragging on Lennie, even if he is not smart but he can work extremely hard (Steinbeck 39). Slim, a guy that also works that the ranch, tells George that he does not know how a smart guy like him and dumb guy like Lennie are friends and have been traveling together (Steinbeck 39). Even though George cannot stand Lennie since he is dumb, he defends him from anyone that tries to insult him and treat him like he was crazy (Steinbeck 39). Lennie and George were born from the same town (Steinbeck 40). After Lennie aunt died, George started to take care of him (Steinbeck 40). No one friendship was as well as Lennie with George (Steinbeck 40). Candy another man that lived there, at the farm, is trying to be friends with Lennie and George, since they killed his aged dog now (Steinbeck 61). Lennie and Curly get into a fight at the barn; Lennie breaks his hand and feels horrible about what he did. George tells him not to worry since he was the one that told him to fight back. Lennie was just taking orders from George since he knew that George would

The Act Of Treating Or Considering Or Making A Difference

The act of treating or considering or making a difference in favor of or against, a person or thing based on the group, class, or category to which that person or thing belongs rather than on individual merit─ discriminate. Directly or indirectly harass, taunt, inappropriate jokes, insults, or poster and/or picture that offends an individual because of one’s race, gender, sexual orientation, religion, or national origin. The acts of discrimination is illegal under the federal law called Title VII under the Civil Rights Acts of 1964. According to the, U.S Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, defines that it is illegal to discriminate against someone on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, or sex. The U.S. Equal†¦show more content†¦In order for racial discrimination to exist, legal, the employer must display signs of mistreatment, bias, inequity and unfairness to the employee or prospective employee. 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Describe the characteristics valued Free Essays

Even today security Is a big Issue to us and still likely to continue this way, but progresses are happening all the time. Employers will assume that you would know about these important areas. But they wont always expect you to know everything, but it is important that you have some knowledge about the main issues. We will write a custom essay sample on Describe the characteristics valued or any similar topic only for you Order Now If you are interested in a certain area, you will need to do as much research as you can! Also you will need to develop your skills and knowledge in that certain area. Working procedures It’s very good to have some knowledge of typical practices In the IT Industry. This Is cause of the legislation that Is Included In IT at the moment. Things Like data protection and copyright laws are a part of this. Employers have to make sure they are not breaking any laws, this means they will need their employees to always be aware of what they are doing and the responsibilities they have in these areas. Health and safety knowledge Employers will expect you to have some knowledge In the health and safety area. This Is essential as the employers will expect you to be aware of the risks and the responsibilities you have. For example you might get eye strain from looking at the imputer screen for a long time. How to stop this from happening is to adjust the monitor at eye level and put it somewhere so there is no reflections coming of the monitor. General Skills Interpersonal Skills In your job, it is most likely that you will be communicating and working with other people. So this will mean that you will need to have good communication skills. This is what most employers look for. Both IT professionals and IT users may be limited to their knowledge of technical areas in IT. Numeric Skills What kind of job role you have will depend on the level of numeric skills you need. These days, nearly every Job role requires basic innumeracy skills. You will need to be able to carry out day to day mathematical calculations like working out percentages and basic sums. Other areas of IT like programming will require a higher form of mathematical ability. Creativity The type of job you do will depend on how creative you are. For example the employees that work in web design and desktop publishing will be known to be creative in that area as they can come up with lots of unique Ideas to make the web For example you can Just be creative by coming up with ideas for new products or even improving old products or services. Organization skills It is very helpful if you are an organized person. This is because you will need to be able to do work tasks efficiently. For example the Job that you have been set to do will mean that you need to have the right equipment and information for the Job. This could be going from having something to write with and remembering client’s names or businesses that you might have to visit. Also to look professional it’s very good to be organized. Most employers don’t like it if you come in and say ‘l forgot it’ or ‘l left it t home’ as its very UN-organized and makes you look unprofessional. Attitudes preferred Determined Your Job can sometimes become very hard and might stress you out a lot but there is always a way to overcome this problem and that is to be determined. A lot of employees who tend to give up easily on work will never impress their employers because it shows them being very UN-professional. But the other employees who have determination to get things done and who want to succeed will look much more professional and will impress their employers. Independent The first Job you have in IT probably will be with other people instead of you being by yourself. But this doesn’t mean you can’t be independent. Your employer will be expected for you to develop your own ability to work by yourself and to use your own initiative than waiting for other people to give you instructions on what to do. Integrity Your employer will want someone who they can trust. So being honest to everyone and not going making up things is important. Your employer will also expect you to work as you normally would if not better for when your supervisor isn’t there. Also there could be expensive equipment which means you have to make sure you look after it. Leadership Throughout your Job role and the time you have worked in the business, your employer will always look out for any leadership skills you have in you. For example if you have good leadership skills then you can work well with others and help to inspire and encourage them to get on with work and push through it, or even help them! Good leaders are good when it comes down to organizing and planning things and are not afraid to take control of it all. How to cite Describe the characteristics valued, Papers

Odysseus vs. Gilgamesh Essay Example For Students

Odysseus vs. Gilgamesh Essay Character is built in several different ways. Some may view character as how one handles a certain hectic situation or how well one person treats another. A true definition character contains these elements, but ones character is built and developed mainly on how one picks and chooses his time to act and his time to wait. This definition refers to restraint and discipline. Gilgamesh and Homers The Odyssey uses many instances in which the main characters must use incredible restraint to protect not only themselves, but also the ones they care for and love. Although both stories use this theme of self-control and discipline to develop certain personalities, each one tells a different account of how these characters are viewed by their fellow men and women and the rewards that come from showing the traits of restraint and self-will. In Gilgamesh, the character that holds back and exhibits patience is viewed as a coward, as Gilgamesh believes, and is a sign of a lack of bravery and confidence. The way that patience is portrayed in Gilgamesh reflects how the society of the time feels about everything in their lives. The author of this story wants the reader to believe that one must not hesitate and must act decisively and quickly. Opposing this belief, Odysseus holds back emotions of rage and homesickness in order to complete the task at hand. Homer, living in Greek society, understood that his people thought more about the problem before coming to a quick conclusion and then acting on it impulsively. So, although both stories repeat the concepts of self-restraint and discipline as character building qualities, they differ in the way that these attributes build or weaken a personality. The story of Gilgamesh begins in the ancient Middle East, a land that was mainly war-faring and used take by force tactics to gain leadership, power, and fame. Since this was the prevailing opinions, the authors, few may it be, tended to define their heroes as men of quick, vicious action. Those who hesitated were run over by those who didnt. Character was built based on ones ability to act quickly and without uncertainty. Gilgamesh was involved in several situations in which he could choose to wait and act later or push forward and complete the task at hand. Gilgameshs brother, Enkidu, also did not use restraint in several of his performances. The very first instance of Enkidu doing such is when he is tempted by the harlot. Enkidu is half man and half beast when this happens. There he is. Now, woman, make your breasts bare, have no shame, do not delay, but welcome his love She was not ashamed to take him, she made herself naked and welcomed his eagerness (Gilgamesh 20). Enkidu did not refrain in the least from leaving his animal ways to go to the tempting woman. When he tried to return to the beast after his six days of passion, they rejected him, for he was now fully human. Because of his lack of will-power, Enkidu lost his life in the wild, but he also gained his life in the manly world. His character as a human was reinforced and was now stronger and wiser than before. A second example of a lack of patience comes from Gilgamesh in his decision to travel into the Cedar Forest and fight the terrible Humbaba. One day, he decides to fulfill his destiny and make a name for himself, and the next day, he is on his way. Gilgamesh does not think of the recourses of his actions and does not plan his adventure carefully and wisely. Even the elders tell him, you are young, your courage carries you too far, you cannot know what this enterprise means which you plan (Gilgamesh 25). As they continued to warn him of Humbabas strength, Gilgamesh paid no attention. Gilgamesh continues on with his plans, and Enkidu and Gilgamesh slay Humbaba. They are welcomed home with great appreciation by the people of Uruk, and all know that there character cannot be topped. Homeless in America EssayAfter this scare, Odysseus would never use such reckless abandon again. His character had been developed after this situation, but not because he succeeded, but because he had escaped with his life. Several more instances occur threw his telling of his journey, where Odysseus shows great will-power in making decisions, but some of the most important character-building occurrences happen as he re-enters his home city of Ithaka. Disguised as a beggar, Odysseus must first take a verbal and physical assault from one of his own workers, Melanthios. He is cussed for being a dirty beggar and then kicked in the hip. It takes Odysseus all of his strength to hold back from killing Melanthios in one blow, but he does hold back, and he keeps the secret of his arrival safe. After he has arrived at his own palace, Odysseus has been informed by Athena that he must beg the suitors for bread. He uses his experiences with each suitor to determine their capability and if they will be a problem. Once again, Odysseus must beg from the men who are taking house and home from him, and he does this with great cunning and discipline. The most difficult occurrence of Odysseus holding back happens when Antinoos becomes enraged with a comment that Odysseus had made. Antinoos responded, You think youll shuffle off and get away after that impudence? Oh, no you dont! The stool he let fly hit the mans (Odysseus) right shoulder Odysseus only shook his head, containing thoughts of bloody work (The Odyssey 426). The man that Odysseus was about to kill had physically struck him, refused to give him food and told him to get his filthy rags out of the room. As the reader of The Odyssey view this happening, they can only gain great respect for Odysseus great determination to wait for the right time. Normal people could not stand what he was going through without lashing out, but Odysseus held strong, and his character is shown to be even stronger than before. Homer builds Odysseus character slowly through the story and allows Odysseus to learn from his mistakes. Homer allowed his characters to develop through experience, thought and rationale. The ancient epics of Gilgamesh and The Odyssey both use many instances of restraint and discipline to help further develop the character of Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and Odysseus. This similarity is only true in that the heroes were developed through these qualities, but the stories differ in how each hero uses self-restraint to their advantage. Gilgamesh shows little or no rational thought before he tackled a challenge. He moved forward regardless, and he succeeded. His lack of self-discipline did not hurt his character, for he won each battle, and his people viewed him as a hero. In contrast, Odysseus at times did not show restraint and was punished for his actions. He only succeeded when he was able to hold back his raging emotions and wait for the time to strike. For this, Odysseus was praised as a leader and hero. Homer and the author of Gilgamesh both tell wonderful stories of adventure and conquest, but their stories also reflect the societies in which each lived. Regardless of the fact that Gilgamesh and Odysseus gained character in opposite ways, both societies in which they lived recognized their accomplishments and how they were achieved. Both societies accepted Odysseus and Gilgamesh as great heroes, and Homer and the author of Gilgamesh were successful in creating such developed characters.